29 de juny 2015
Organising genetic testing
In this new instruction, at least two issues are forgotten: the tests that are covered, and the proliferation of sequencing instruments outside the lab. These are not minor issues.
Somebody should decide asap wether a test it is worth to be prescribed. Right now, there are no explicit constraints under the current instruction. And DNA sequencing instruments may be found in many departments under the consideration of research. If there is no clear split between research and care, I can imagine a close future with many messy labs within any hospital. Concentration of knowledge and specialisation provides wider guarantees for quality. Unless there is any mentorship program by clinical laboratories, things will go down the wrong path. Today I'm more worried than yesterday, unless these two issues are fixed.
12 de desembre 2010
MCarthysme Genètic
Les proves genètiques encobertes poden convertir-se en un nou maldecap per alguns. Si hem de fer cas al que diu Wikileaksi el Guardian, el Departament d'Estat nordamericà mitjançant les representacións diplomàtiques hauria demanat informació biomètrica detallada (ADN, empremtes dactilars, iris) de responsables de les Nacions Unides i OMS, Ban ki-Moon i Margaret Chan inclosos. Aquesta petició d'informació a diplomàtics també va arribar alamenys a 33 embaixades.
I la qüestió és què n'han de fer amb aquestes dades? Els de Genomic Law Report especulen sobre el tema i adverteixen en general dels perills de les proves genètiques encobertes. La conclusió és que més enllà d'aquest fet, cal regular millor l'obtenció de proves genètiques. Alerta!
09 de desembre 2015
Lab tests and biomarkers regulation: a pending topic
- Trusheim MR, Berndt ER, Douglas FL. Stratified medicine: strategic and economic implications of combining drugs and clinical biomarkers. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6(4):287-93.
- Pignatti F, Ehmann F, Hemmings R, Jonsson B, Nuebling M, Papaluca-Amati M, et al. Cancer drug development and the evolving regulatory framework for companion diagnostics in the European Union. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(6):1458-68.
- Ibern P. The hole for genetic testing market entry. Bloc Econsalut, 25 de febrer de 2014. Consultable a:http://econsalut.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-hole-for-genetic-testing-market.html. Accés el 9 d’octubre de 2015.
- Byron SK, Crabb N, George E, Marlow M, Newland A. The health technology assessment of companion diagnostics: experience of NICE. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(6):1469-76.
- Trusheim MR, Berndt ER. An overview of the stratified economics of stratified medicine. Working Paper No. w21233. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2015.
22 de gener 2016
Rethinking drug regulation and health risk mitigation
A new book on FDA addresses the "perennial and new problems and the improvements the agency can make to better serve the public good.". The book would deserve a detailed critique, however, let me skip directly to chapter 25: Device-ive Maneuvers FDA’s Risk Assessment of Bifurcated Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing.
In this blog I've written about the same topic. My position is clear: stop direct-to consumer testing. I have explained the rationale here. And what the book says, it is exactly the same:
Three steps are necessary to ensure the safety and effectiveness of DTCMeanwhile, in Europe, nobody cares about it. It's a great shame.
genomic information. First, the underlying data must be analytically valid—that is, the genomic data sequence must be accurate and precise. Second, the information must be clinically valid—the findings must be causally associated with clinical outcomes. And third, the risks of disclosing the genomic information must be minimized. FDA’s ability to effectively regulate genomic information hinges upon the approach taken to each of these challenges
Comunicat del 20 de genièr de 2016 del President de l’IEO sul tractament de las lengas regionalas per l’estat francés.
ASSASSINAR SEI LENGAS, ANSIN VÒU LA FRANÇA ?
L’Institut d’Estudis Occitans (IEO) denóncia aut e fòrt que l’Assemblada Nacionala ague fach rebuta a la proposicion de lèi de Paul Molac, relativa a l’Ensenhament immersiu dei lengas regionalas e a sa promocion dins l’espaci public e audiovisuau.
Per memòria, aquesta denegada vèn après : la promessa vana dau candidat Hollande sus la ratificacion de la Carta europenca dei Lengas Regionalas ò Minoritàrias (ambé lo debat mancat a l’Assemblada Nacionala), lo rapòrt Filippetti de julhet 2013 e sei 42 prepausicions passadas per malhas, tornat mai en octòbre de 2015 l’engatjament dau president de la Republica per la Carta, rebutat per la drecha senatoriala e que dire de l’ensenhament dei lengas regionalas assecat…
Convendretz que i a de qué se pausar la question.
Sorda que mai se pòt pas a la demanda populària, la França, es que vòu pas finalament assassinar sei lengas regionalas per de bòn ?
A la veritat, aquesta decision fa chifrar, notadament per son escart d’ambé la demanda sociala, e discredita lo foncionament democratic.
D’escondons, vesèm s’organizar l’eliminacion metodica de nòstrei lengas de l’espaci public republican.
Amb aqueste refús, la França demòra un còp de mai dins lo rodolet dei país reborsiers que donan ges d’estatut a sei lengas. Lo pluralisme linguïstic, pasmens, es una aisina de coësion indispensabla per la Nacion e un element de sa credibilitat internacionala.
Acceptar la postura dau Govèrn actuau de la França que mespresa de lengas que parlan sei ciutadans a milierats se pòt pas mai !
L’IEO demanda per aquò au Govèrn d’iniciativas nòvas que laissan oblidar lei còps que s’es mancat.
Coma lo digueriam encara en octòbre 2015 a Montpelhier, volèm una lèi !
Volèm una lèi que done un estatut vertadier ai lengas regionalas e garantisse sei locutors de tota exclusion e discriminacion.
Pèire Brechet
President de l’IEO
31 de gener 2014
An ongoing tug-of-war
Consolidation of private healthcare providers is an increasing trend nowadays. The exact implications for competition and choice are usually unknown. It is worth having a look at other markets. This article in HA explains the impact for the US context:
PS. HA Blog, a comment.Prior research shows that private hospital prices vary considerably both within and across markets, even after differences in patient populations and services provided are accounted for. The wide variations in price and the high prices at some hospitals reflect an ongoing tug-of-war between increasingly consolidated buyers (health plans) and increasingly consolidated sellers (hospitals and hospital systems).Given the intense and growing pressure to rein in the growth in private health insurance premiums, the continuation of current trends appears to be unsustainable. It remains to be seen whether or not health plans will somehow regain the upper hand. If they do not, more radical approaches—such as state-based rate setting or restrictions on contracting arrangements between hospitals and health plans—may gain traction.
PS. On limiting bisphenol in food.
PS. Health expenditures NEJM Graphic
PS.Health Policy Basics: Health Insurance Marketplaces
PS. Are Human Genes Patentable?
PS. Regulating 23andMe to Death Won’t Stop the New Age of Genetic Testing
30 de desembre 2014
Do you really want to know about it?
PS. Have a look at this one, about ethical dilemmas on genetic testing:
15 de gener 2021
Precision medicine
Precision Medicine for Investigators, Practitioners and Providers
Many topics under the same umbrella:
Table of Contents
Introduction
2. Role of genomics in precision medicine
3. High throughput omics in the precision medicine ecosystem
4. Infant gut microbiome
5. Paraprebiotics
6. Fecal transplantation in autoimmune disease
7. Drug pharmacomicrobiomics
8. CRISPR technology for genome editing
9. Engineering microbial living therapeutics
10. Organ on a chip
11. Multicellular in-vitro organ systems
12. The role of biobanks in biomarker development
13. Translational interest of immune profiling
14. Organoid pharmacotyping
15. Large datasets for genomic investigation
16. Modern applications of neurogenetics
17. Genomic profiling in cancer
18. Genomics in pediatrics
19. Genomics of gastric cancer
20. Genomics of prostate cancer
21. MicroRNAs and inflammation markers in obesity
22. MiRNA sequencing for myocardial infarction screening
23. Cell free DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma
24. Non coding RNA in cancer
25. Germline variants and childhood cancer
26. Pharmacogenomics in cancer
27. Proteomic biomarkers in vireoretinal disease
28. Proteomics in respiratory diseases
29. Cardiovascular proteomics
30. Host genetics, microbiome, and inflammatory bowel disease
31. Sampling, Analyzing, and Integrating Microbiome ‘omics Data in a Translational Clinical Setting
32. Omics and microbiome in sepsis
33. Molecular and omics methods for invasive candidiasis
34. Lipid metabolism in colorectal cancer
35. Salivary volatolome in breast cancer
36. immunodiagnosis in leprosy
37. decision support systems in breast cancer
38. Electronic medical records and diabetes phenotyping
39. Clinical signature of suicide risk
40. Machine learning and cluster analysis in critical care
41. Artificial intelligence in gastroenterology
42. Algorithms for epileptic seizure prediction
43. Precision medicine in ophthalmology
44. Phenotyping COPD
45. Lifestyle medicine
46. Precision medicine for a healthier world
47. Aging and clustering of functional brain networks
48. Nutrigenetics
49. Genome editing in reproductive medicine
50. MRI guided prostate biopsy
51. Precision Nutrition
52. Theranostics in precision oncology
53. Precision medicine in daily practice
54. Imaging in precision medicine
55. Organoid for drug screening
56. Printing of personalized medication using binder jetting 3D printer
57. 3 D printing in orthopedic trauma
58. Consumer genetic testing tools in depression
59. The future of wearables
60. Tumor heterogeneity and drug development
61. Smartphone based clinical diagnosis
62. Smartphone biosensing for point of care use
63. Data security and patient protection
64. Blockchain solutions for healthcare
65. Ethical questions in gene therapy
66. Pitfalls of organ on a chip technologies
67. Regulatory issues of artificial intelligence in radiology
68. Academic industrial alliance
69. The future of precision medicine
70. Precision Medicine Glossary
71. Useful internet sites
08 de febrer 2021
Human genome 20 years later
Complicated legacies: The human genome at 20
On genome and precision medicine:
Debates about precision medicine (PM), which uses genetic information to target interventions, commonly focus on whether we can “afford” PM (17), but focusing only on affordability, not also value, risks rejecting technologies that might make health care more efficient. Affordability is a question of whether we can pay for an intervention given its impact on budgets, whereas value can be measured by the health outcomes achieved per dollar spent for an intervention. Ideally, a PM intervention both saves money and improves outcomes; however, most health care interventions produce better outcomes at higher cost, and PM is no exception. By better distinguishing affordability and value, and by considering how we can address both, we can further the agenda of achieving affordable and valuable PM.
The literature has generally not shown that PM is unaffordable or of low value; however, it has also not shown that PM is a panacea for reducing health care expenditures or always results in high-value care (17). Understanding PM affordability and value requires evidence on total costs and outcomes as well as potential cost offsets, but these data are difficult to capture because costs often occur up front while beneficial outcomes accrue over time (18). Also, PM could result in substantial downstream implications because of follow-up interventions, not only for patients but also for family members who may have inherited the same genetic condition. Emerging PM tests could be used for screening large populations and could include genome sequencing of all newborns, liquid biopsy testing to screen for cancers in routine primary care visits, and predictive testing for Alzheimer's disease in adults. These interventions may provide large benefits, but they are likely to require large up-front expenditures.
27 de juny 2023
El valor de les proves diagnòstiques genètiques
Supporting Biomarker-Driven Therapies in Oncology: A Genomic Testing Cost Calculator
Aquest és un tema amb moltes singularitats i cal estar atents als detalls. Entendre el cost-efectivitat de les proves diagnòstiques obliga a precisar molt què es pretén i com la prova diagnòstica modifica la decisió clínica. És per això que s'hauria d'aplicar el cost per persona identificada correctament com a punt de referència clau. Ara bé això no és senzill de calcular.
Ara tots els ulls estan posats en seqüenciar l'exoma, i un article recent arriba a aquesta conclusió:
On the basis of the available evidence and present findings, exome sequencing as a cost-effective option could have the potential to be used as a genomic test to diagnose suspected genetic disorders. However, there is still no consensus among studies on performing the exome sequencing test as a first- or second-line diagnostic test. While NGS methods are usually implemented as the last diagnostic test by reason of their relatively high cost, a number of recent studies have indicated that when exome sequencing is implemented as a first-line test, extra examinations avoided for diagnosed patients may amply compensate for the cost of the test.
Per tant deixa oberta la qüestió i no respon a la pregunta. Jo crec que és qüestió de dies, seqüenciar l'exoma es convertirà en l'estandard.
PS. Més material.
20 de març 2011
Defenseu-nos dels geneto-entusiastes
Miro l'acreditada referència labtestonline i diu això:
The degree of risk conferred with a positive result is difficult to quantify for a specific person. Results must be interpreted in conjunction with the tested person's personal and family history. A genetic counselor/trained health care professional should explain the meaning of the results, explain treatment options for the individual that are intended to decrease risk, and testing options for other family members.M'estalvio d'explicar la sensibilitat i especificitat perquè el que diu al prospecte no hi ha referència a cap estudi independent. Els criteris GRIPS sobre predicció de risc genètic tampoc no els trobareu enlloc. També m'estalvio d'explicar quin laboratori està qüestionat als tribunals per la patent sobre aquesta prova perquè ja ho vaig explicar fa dies. Tampoc vull insistir que hi ha competència ferotge en la qüestió. No vull saber el que ens ha costat als catalans. I m'estalvio d'indicar que la publicitat que els estan fent els surt gratuita, perquè és evident i és a la llum de tots nosaltres.
A negative result does not mean that a woman will not develop breast or ovarian cancer. It simply indicates that the person tested is not at increased risk for developing hereditary breast cancer or ovarian cancer related to the BRCA mutations for which he/she was tested. It is important to remember that 90-95% of breast cancers are not associated with a BRCA mutation. Furthermore, in the general population, the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is approximately 12% and the lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer is about 1.4%. The risks increase with age.
The presence of a BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 mutation means that the person tested is at an increased risk for breast and/or ovarian cancer, but it does not mean that she will ever have them. Even within a family with the same BRCA mutation, not everyone will develop cancer and those that do may develop it at different times during their life.
17 d’agost 2022
Pandemethics (2)
Chapter 1 Historical Epidemics
The Spanish Flu of 1918
Cholera
Plague
Smallpox
Yellow Fever
Malaria
Chapter 2 Modern Viral Pandemics
Polio
Asian Flu of 1957 and Hong Kong Flu of 1968
Ebola
Swine Flu of 1976
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
SARS1
Swine Flu of 2009
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
Zika
Other Viral Diseases Affecting Humans
Chapter 3 The Medical Nature of SARS2
Disputed Origins of SARS2
The Clinical Course of COVID-19
Transmission and Immunity
Chapter 4 Policies for Containment
Quarantine as a Preventive Allocation Strategy
Four Models of Fighting Pandemics
Successes and Failures around the World
Intermittent Lockdowns, Denial, and the American Confusion
Chapter 5 Who Should Live When Not All Can?
Ethical Theories as Guides
Historical Background: The God Committee and Social Worth
A Relevant Digression: “Sickest First” Allocation and UNOS
Enter Bioethicists
Saints and Sacrifice
Covid, Cognitively Challenged Patients, and Rights of Disabled Persons
Unexpected Allocation Issues
Chapter 6 Developing Vaccines
A Brief History of Vaccines
Kinds of Vaccines
Ethical Issues in Developing Vaccines
Speeding Up Development of Experimental Vaccines
Other Problems with Vaccine Trials
Politics and Vaccines for Covid
Chapter 7 Allocating Vaccines
Success with Quick Production of Vaccines
The CDC and the States
Ability to Pay and Access to Vaccines
Allocation Priorities
Vaccination Complexities
Mandatory Vaccinations
Global Vaccine Distribution
Possible Bad Scenarios
Chapter 8 Acts and Omissions, the Trolley Problem, and Prisoner’s Dilemmas
Acts vesus Omissions
The Trolley Problem
Prisoner’s Dilemmas and Vaccination Uptake
Chapter 9 Liberty and Privacy
Philosophical Positions on Liberty
Problems of Contact Tracing
Controlling Pandemics versus Protecting Privacy
Privacy of Genetic Information Collected during Testing in Pandemics
Chapter 10 Status Certificates
Defining Key Terms
What Is the Purpose of Status Certificates?
Benefits of Status Certificates
Problems with Status Certificates
Chapter 11 Structural Inequalities and Vulnerable Groups
Who Is Most Vulnerable in a Pandemic?
Differences in Efforts to Control Infection in Different Vulnerable Groups
Chapter 12 Leadership during Pandemics
Leadership and the Virtue of Trust
The WHO’s Leaders Made Mistakes
Donald Trump and American Leadership
Judgment of US Leaders during the Pandemic
Chapter 13 The Future
The Future of COVID-19
Lessons to Learn
More Pandemics Will Come
What Will Happen Next?
10 de juliol 2017
Transforming the practice of care in the most inefficient and wasteful health system
Eric Topol provides clear insights for a wide range of life sciences issues, and some days ago he insisted once again on the need to reform US health system. Everybody is talking about financing and acces, and he focuses on organization. That's good to hear. I suggest a close look at the WSJ article. Although the scope is US, you'll find many comments that are absolutely useful for our health system (the public and specially the private one).
Our health-care system is uniquely inefficient and wasteful. The more than $3 trillion that we spend each year yields relatively poor health outcomes, compared with other developed countries that spend far less. Providing better health insurance and access can help with these problems, but real progress in containing costs and improving care will require transforming the practice of medicine itself—how we diagnose and treat patients and how patients interact with medical professionals.And he backs a smart medicine practice:
Smart medicine offers a way out, enabling doctors to develop a precise, high-definition understanding of each person in their care. The key tools are cheaper sensors, simpler and more routine imaging, and regular use of now widely available genetic analysis. As for using all this new data, here too a revolution is under way.And the key integrative tool:
At the Scripps Research Institute, we are working with the support of a National Institutes of Health grant and several local partners to develop a comprehensive “health record of the future” for individual patients. It will combine all the usual medical data—from office visits, labs, scans—with data generated by personal sensors, including sleep, physical activity, weight, environment, blood pressure and other relevant medical metrics. All of it will be constantly and seamlessly updated and owned by the individual patient.Good news (US only):
Fortunately, serious ventures in smart medicine are well along. My colleagues and I at the Scripps Research Institute are leading the Participant Center of the NIH’s Precision Medicine Initiative, which is currently enrolling one million Americans. Volunteers in the program will be testing many of the new tools I have described here. The recently formed nonprofit Health Transformation Alliance, which includes more than 40 large companies providing health benefits to 6.5 million employees and family members, intends to address the high cost of health care by focusing on, among other things, the sophisticated use of personal data.I have to say that his position is well grounded, it is not a fascination for technology. The true health reform starts with the practice of medicine. Completely agree.
05 de febrer 2014
False advertising
Since you may find a similar test on the corner of the street, once again my question is: where is the regulator?
PS. Some months ago, was the FDA who asked 23and me to stop selling its genetics test kit.
PS. On DTC genetic tests, a good article.