In favour of consumer protection

Can Consumers Make Affordable Care Affordable? The Value of Choice Architecture

Healthcare.gov 3.0 — Behavioral Economics and Insurance Exchanges

Recently Google has entered in the insurance comparisons market. Right now is available for car insurance and health insurance could be the next step. This business model changes the search costs and has strong impact over current sales channels. Understanding the salient features of health coverage for any citizen, should require that government regulates the right conditions for consumer protection. If insurancee companies pay the comparison site, as google says, is there any change on how information is shown according to the amount paid?. Have a look at the Peter Ubel et al. article at NEJM or at the PLOS one, and you'll be convinced that the potential for manipulation is huge.
Therefore, if this is so, there is a role for protecting consumers against well designed biases in comparison sites.

Thinking and deciding

World Development Report 2015: Mind, Society, and Behavior

Our decision making patterns are based on multiple foundations. The new WB report summarises them in three sources: automatic, social and mental models.  In chapter 8 you'll find applications to health. Some of them may be naive, while others potentially useful. There is a trial and error process in all this stuff because of cultural implications. If there is a particular area to focus on, it is on health communication for behavioural change. There is a lot to learn from behavioral economics:

Understanding that people think automatically, interpret the world based on implicit mental models, and think socially allows policy makers to make major strides in improving health outcomes. Individuals sometimes value information highly (for example,
when seeking curative care), but at other times providing information is not sufficient to get people to change behaviors that undermine health. Framing effects that make social expectations and social approval more salient can sometimes encourage individuals to seek preventive care and adhere to treatment when they otherwise would not, even though the individual benefits exceed the individual cost.

PS. My former posts on nudging

PS. Post by BIT.

PS. TE on poor behavior.

PS. Excellent "30minuts" documentary about the Snowden's massive information leak ever. (Only until Dec 28th)

Is it possible to internalize externalities of risky behavior?

Risking Your Health. Causes, Consequences, and Interventions to Prevent Risky Behaviors

Behaviour Change

Today I bring a World Bank Report and a UK Parliament report, both on behaviour. The first is closely related to developing countries, though the same messages are for developed ones. I don't know who exactly is paying the bill for such risky behaviours. Measures to internalize externalities are not so easy to implement, though the document explains some of them.
The second report is an introduction to behavioral economics for politicians. I'm convinced that we do need to know more about this, although there is no unifying theory and prescriptions are fuzzy by now.

PS. Today we can confirm that Google scans your gmail messages.
PS. Today we can also confirm again that internet is an unsafe network
PS. Bloomberg on behavioral finance.

Let's get fit, not fat

Aportaciones de la economía del comportamiento en política sanitaria: Algunas notas en torno al ejemplo de la obesidad
 The influence of obesity and overweight on medical costs: a panel data perspective

In the EJHE you'll find  a clear message:

The results indicate that obesity is associated with substantial healthcare cost increases and there are large differences in costs by degree of obesity. Specifically, severe obesity raises total direct medical costs by an average of 160 € per patient and year. With total medical costs averaging 600 € for normal-weight individuals, this means that severe obesity is associated with an increase in costs of 26 %. The effect of moderate obesity is more modest: it raises medical costs by 97 € or 16 %. Overweight has an even smaller impact, raising costs by 51 € or 8.5 %.

Therefore, if obesity has an economic and health impact, what next?
The EEA article by A. Garcia-Altés reflects current knowledge on behavioral economics and obesity. However there is a long way to go. As I said in a former post we do need a battery of measures to fight obesity: regulatory, social and individual measures.

Our irrational behaviour

The Behavioral Economics of Health and Health Care
Irrationality in Health Care: What Behavioral Economics Reveals About What We Do and Why

Thomas Rice provides an overview of behavioral economics in health in a recent article in Annual review of public health. More or less the same things we already know with some concrete messages. A good starting point for those that want to take first steps in this discipline. The summary:

People often make decisions in health care that are not in their best interest, ranging from failing to enroll in health insurance to which they are entitled, to engaging in extremely harmful behaviors. Traditional economic theory provides a limited tool kit for improving behavior because it assumes that people make decisions in a rational way, have the mental capacity to deal with huge amounts of information and choice, and have tastes endemic to them and not open to manipulation. Melding economics with psychology, behavioral economics acknowledges that people often do not act rationally in the economic sense. It therefore offers a potentially richer set of tools than provided by traditional economic theory to understand and influence behaviors

Right now behavioral economics is still a promise, let's wait until we can really apply it widely.
Thomas Rice says in this respect:

 With the exception of Kahneman & Tversky’s prospect theory, which was developed more than 30 years ago, there has been little in the way of bringing the various tools and policies of behavioral economics under one umbrella. As a result, most of the applications seem to be ad hoc. More development of an overarching theory could aid those interested in designing new interventions when it is clear that traditional economics remedies are insufficient

Regarding the book on Irrationality in Health Care, I haven't had the opportunity to have a look at it. I leave here the reference and 23 anomalies . Maybe in the book there is the answer to solve them.

PS. For those interested in an introductory course, on March 11th starts at Coursera:  A Beginner's Guide to Irrational Behavior

Conflicts of interest (in medicine)

I would like to attend this seminar:

Professor George Lowenstein
Behavioural Economics and Conflicts of Interest

“A conflict of interest is a clash between an individual’s professional responsibilities and their personal, typically financial, interests. Traditional economics has not shed much light on conflicts of interest, perhaps in part because it has not recognized the importance of professionalism as a motive in human behaviour. In this talk I will present results from a variety of studies that examine the behavioural economics of conflict of interest. Focusing mainly on conflicts of interest in medicine, some of the research shows how people who care deeply about behaving in a professional fashion can be corrupted by economic incentives. Other research shows how disclosing conflicts of interest, far from helping the recipient of information, can backfire, helping the advice-giver and hurting the advice recipient.”

Lecture Theatre 3, Cambridge Judge Business School. Tuesday 25th February 5-6.30pm. No need to register but arrive early in order to get a seat.

Unfortunately, I can't attend. Any info will be appreciated.
You may follow events on Behavioral Economics, here.

PS. Our public expenditure on health on 2012 gave ground, and was close to 5 years before: 2007. Such expenditure over GDP is still at 2008 position: 5,3% , while our GDP per capita (27.442€) is  at levels before 2006 (!). Therefore we are spending on health (more than) proportionally to our GDP historical trend, however our GDP has shrinked a lot. And we maintain distance to OECD average health expenditure (6,69%) although our per capita GDP is 2,7% larger. That's all right now, it's an issue of months.

PS. Interesting post by Josep Maria Via.

Being transparent

Central de Resultats. Àmbit d’atenció primària. Dades 2012 

Today a new health budget is going to be presented. The focus will be on cutbacks. I'm really tired about talking always about the same in the Parliament. If public income is decreasing, public expenditure follows, changing priorities or more debt are not an option. Therefore, it may be better to know how money is spent and what are the outcomes.
You may check excellent information about primary care performance in this report, an example of transparency. The number of primary care visits in the public system is still falling (-2,5%, 1,1 m less). Instead of decreasing human resources there was a slight increase in full time employees in primary care. The aggregated impact has been a reduction in the number of physician visits per day in 3,2%  (average 2012: 24,5 visits).
One fact to highlight is that less visits have been performed, and we don't know exactly if this means anything special in health terms. In the next future, an update on morbidity will be introduced in the report.

PS. Good news. A new registry of health professionals will be created. Unfortunately we can't project the needs for the future and regulate access. It's only an issue of time, things are going in the right way.

PS. LSE Conference: Behavioral Economics and Diet. It is worth watching it. 

Paving the way

Default Options In Advance Directives Influence How Patients Set Goals For End-Of-Life Care

The end of life is obviously a difficult period. In such context, health care decisions have to be taken and our brain may not be able to perform as it should.

Most seriously ill patients value comfort and dignity over life extension, but routine care often leads to treatment oriented toward extending life. Deviating from this life-extending norm requires that someone actively request or suggest doing so.Specifying one’s goals of care in the living will component of an advance directive provides patients with an opportunity to counter this tendency. However, the text and structure of commonly used advance directives carry some of the same implicit biases that tend to favor life extension in the absence of advance directives.

Halpern et al. show that people are strongly influenced by default options in advanced directives. Without default, 66% prefer confort over life extension. With a default option, 77%  prefer not to extend life, even after reconsideration and being informed over the default.
Food for thought. Behavioral economics is paving the way for new understanding of choices that involve large amount of resources.

Choice architecture

A Nudge Too Far? A Nudge at All? On Paying People to Be Healthy

Is there a need to change "choice architecture" to adopt healthy behaviours?. From behavioral economics perspective, the answer is yes. However, the doubt is over how it should be done.  The lead article on HealthcarePapers is about pushing healthy behaviours. I'm not a fan of financial incentives for these issues. The article hightlights pros and cons, a good review for any newcomer to the field.
From all the comments, Pierre-Gerlier Forest poses a difficult trade-off between the role of the democracy and "nudging" by experts. Unfortunately, he gives no answer and waits for pragmatic improvements.Meanwhile, have a look at this article: beyond nudges, "tools for a choice architecture".

PS. Check "I nudge you".

Humanomics

A Kirznerian Economic History of the Modern World

A l'Upton forum del 2010 la Deirdre McCloskey va fer una conferència provocadora amb motiu dels treballs Israel Kirzner. Cal llegir-la sencera. Es tracta d'una reflexió molt oportuna sobre l'anàlisi econòmica i la importància de l'emprenedor, la descoberta i la creativitat. Al principi hi trobareu tota una declaració en un to personal que més d'un podria subscriure:

How I wish I had earlier read Mises—the senior colleague of Friedrich Hayek and the teacher of Kirzner! It would have sped up my intellectual development by two or three decades, and given me more respect for the entrepreneur-centered thinking of my friendly opponent early in my career as an economic historian, the historian David Landes. It might have allowed me as early as the 1970s to use the Kirznerian entrepreneur to make progress on the puzzle of economic growth—instead of having to wait until the 2000s, painfully extracting myself over the decades from a Samuelsonian-Friedmanite devotion to equilibrium and routine.

PS. Sobre el títol del post. Humanomics es refereix al darrer estadi del viatge intel.lectual de McCloskey als 68 anys, economia per a humans de cap a peus.(així ho explica a la p.2)

PS. El blog Coordination Problem m'ha ofert la pista d'aquest treball i diu:

In my opinion, McCloskey's paper is required reading for all who want to understand why some nations grow rich while others languish in poverty.  It is a continuation of the argument presented in her Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Cannot Explain the Modern World.  McCloskey summarizes her argument nicely here, and she pursues the entrepreneurial element in the story in her reflections on Kirzner and Austrian economics.  I have attempted to address her thesis in my essay "A Behavioral Approach to the Political and Economic Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations."
Many elements in McCloskey's argument remind me of the nuanced argument made by Tyler Cowen in a very underappreciated essay of his -- "Entrepreneurship, Austrian Economics, and the Quarrel Between Philosophy and Poetry."

PS. Si us interessa la història del pensament econòmic, en Kirzner té un llibre: The Economic point of view i aquí hi ha molts més materials.

PS. Notícia trista. A Catalunya el govern compra pistes d'esquí. Tenia Vall de Núria i la Molina. Ara ja té Vall de Bohí, Port-ainé i Espot. I es prepara per comprar VallTer. Té sentit la propietat pública de 6 estacions d'esquí? Ens ho podem permetre això en un moment que arribem a tenir els impostos directes més elevats de l'OCDE després de Dinamarca?. Definitivament, les paraules de North s'han fet pels que prenen aquestes decisions però no les han tingut en compte:

“The key to political order, is the establishment of credible bounds on the behavior of political officials”.

Douglas North.  Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.2005, p. 107

PS. Com veieu he començat l'any parlant de tot, menys de salut. Massa boira ens envolta. Si necesiteu la dosi diària aquí va. Fa unes setmanes vaig intentar ordenar unes quantes idees, una darrera l'altra, i vaig fer aquesta conferència al Col.legi de Metges de Barcelona en el marc del Fòrum de la Professió Mèdica.

PS. L'entrada més vista del blog el 2011 ha estat: El gran engany gairebé 900 visites.

L'economia del comportament i l'obesitat

Eating Behavior and Obesity Behavioral Economics Strategies for Health Professionals

Sabem que majoritàriament els indicadors de salut dels catalans que empitjoren, tenen relació amb els comportament, amb els hàbits saludables. I que l'obesitat es troba al capdavant.
Entendre què cal fer és crucial. Però malauradament tenim visions i estratègies de curta volada. Ara acaba d'aparèixer un llibre que ofereix noves perspectives tot introduint l'economia del comportament davant el problema de l'obesitat. Diu:

There are two ways of thinking about influencing behavior. The first is based on the standard rational model. That is, infl uencing what people consciously think about by increasing knowledge and awareness (known as the refl ective system ). This aproach assumes that the individual is a rational agent who surveys the situation to see what the various options are and then does a quick cost-benefi t analysis of those options in order to choose. The second approach is to alter the context within which people act (known as the automatic system ). This type of intervention is similar to the “nudge” outlined by Thaler and Sustein (2008), which often involves small changes to the choice environment. For example, one intervention tried to encourage school children to make healthier choices without alienating students by reducing their perceived choices. In a school cafeteria, what kids choose depends on the order in which the items are displayed.

 Els que llegiu aquest blog ja sabeu que m'hi he referit anteriorment en termes genèrics. Però aquest llibre esdevé més interessant perquè mostra amb molta precisió un canvi de perspectiva. Destaco una conclusió del primer capítol:

Rational food decisions often involve trade-off between short-term gains of sensory pleasure and longer term gains of health and wellness. Findings from behavioral economics research suggest that even when people are motivated to make healthy choices, external constraints in the decision-making process can prevent them from choosing optimally. Most of us prefer immediately gratifying short-term pleasure over our long-term goal of eating healthy. Errors in choices arise from systemic decision biases, emotion, and the limits of cognitive capacity.

Atesa la importància de "l'epidèmia" potser caldria que més d'un hi fes una ullada. Encara que també vull anunciar que el capítol d'implicacions per a la política (el 12) és molt fluix. Us caldrà doncs una mica d'imaginació i reescriu-re'l vosaltres mateixos.

 No us perdeu les friky-fotos de Diane Arbus al Jeu de Paume

(suggerit per un lector del blog i que em plau compartir amb valtros)

PS. Les retallades són notícia a la CNN, (confonen Catalunya amb Espanya, treball periodístic de nivell...)

L'horitzó individual i social

La cultura de la innovación de los jóvenes españoles en el marco europeo
Indentity economics

Els esdeveniments succeeixen a una velocitat més elevada que la que podem copsar. Pot ser una frase tòpica, però ara pren més força que mai. La gent es pregunta quan sortirem de la crisi i jo responc que podem fer-nos una altra pregunta, "què fas tu per sortir de la crisi"?. Ara direu, els contestes amb una altra pregunta, molt hàbil per la teva part. Es molt conegut això. Fins i tot en Kennedy ho deia fa gairebé 40 anys:

"Ask not what your country can do for you - Ask what you can do for your country"

Resulta que el que en aquest moment ens cal són dues coses alhora, governants de nivell i ciutadans responsables. Sense governants de nivell ningú serà capaç de generar confiança ni impulsar els comportaments individuals com ho fa la cita. Sense ciutadans responsables, és a dir aquells que consideren que al costat d'un horitzó individual a la vida també hi ha un horitzó col.lectiu, serem incapços de progressar. I malgrat totes les mancances de la democràcia nostra, anar a votar és una mostra de responsabilitat.
També hi ha un altre àmbit en el que ens cal reflexionar, i és quina és la nostra capacitat individual de crear valor en el nou entorn, com podem ser capaços d'innovar i contribuir a la creació de benestar econòmic. Resulta que en Victor Pérez-Diaz ha fet un llibre suggerent i també un article. Hi ha molt de material, algunes qüestions conegudes relatives a l'educació, però jo sobretot m'he quedat en el capítol de l'horitzó individual i social, destaco:

Una diferencia crucial en las personas y en las sociedades reside en la amplitud o la pequeñez de su horizonte vital. Ello tiene repercusiones muy notables en su capacidad para cultivar su inteligencia, que, normalmente, será tanto menor cuanto más reducido sea su horizonte, aunque no necesariamente será así si la amplitud mayor va ligada a mayor confusión. También, para desarrollar las virtudes de su fortaleza y su templanza, que tendrán que probarse en un terreno
más duro y arriesgado cuanto su horizonte sea mayor, con efectos positivos o negativos según las circunstancias. En cuanto a cuál sea su virtud de la justicia, ésta puede corresponder a la apertura a un mundo de mayor equilibrio, o de mayor caos, que puede ser percibido como una especie de jungla en la que todo estaría permitido.

Es fácil que en una sociedad compuesta por individuos semejantes, esos mismos individuos se sientan impulsados a tomarse en serio su papel de ciudadanos. En este caso, estaríamos ante una sociedad con un alto grado de conciencia cívica, es decir, de interés por la cosa común, lo cual es un requisito indispensable para formular, decidir y aplicar una política ambiciosa de ciencia e innovación.

 Fixeu-vos com en Victor Perez-Díaz tanca el cercle de la cita de Kennedy, afegint-hi un aspecte fonamental de cohesió social, d'identitat. Justament el mateix èmfasi que ja no es fa tant sols des de la sociologia, sino també des de l'economia per part d'Akerlof . Al seu llibre Identity Economics hi ha material per a la reflexió seriosa i potser fins i tot pot representar nous camins dins l'economia. Destaco:

Economics—for better or for worse—pervades how policy makers, the public, and the press talk and think. Modern economics follows Adam Smith’s attempt in the eighteenth century to turn moral philosophy into a social science designed to create a good society. Smith enlisted all human passions and social institutions in this effort. In the nineteenth century, economists began to build mathematical models of how the economy worked, using a stick figure of a rationally optimizing human with only economic motivations. As economics evolved into the twentieth century, the models grew more sophisticated, but Homo economicus lagged behind. This began to change when Gary Becker developed ways to represent a variety of realistic tastes, such as for discrimination, children, and altruism. Fairly recently, behavioral economics has introduced cognitive bias and other psychological findings. Identity Economics, in its turn, brings in social context—with a new economic man and woman who resemble real people in real situations

Ens trobem doncs en un moment delicat, de redefinició d'horitzons a la vista de les noves realitats. En l'àmbit de la salut ens convé també emfatitzar que els ciutadans han de ser conscients que la responsabilitat davant la salut és compartida, és individual i social alhora. En l'exercici d'una llibertat individual responsable envers la salut podem ser capaços també d'assolir millor salut poblacional. I també, un govern responsable que vetlla per les prioritats ciutadanes i l'interès general ha de ser capaç de respondre a aquest repte democràticament.