Platforms, a business model (3)

 HBR's 10 Must Reads on Platforms and Ecosystems

Previous posts on platforms.

Mazzucato on platforms

This collection of articles includes "Pipelines, Platforms, and the New Rules of Strategy," by Marshall W. Van Alstyne, Geoffrey G. Parker, and Sangeet Paul Choudary; "Strategies for Two-Sided Markets," Thomas R. Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall W. Van Alstyne; "Finding the Platform in Your Product," by Andrei Hagiu and Elizabeth Altman; "What's Your Google Strategy?," by Andrei Hagiu and David B. Yoffie; "In the Ecosystem Economy, What's Your Strategy? ," by Michael G. Jacobides; "Right Tech, Wrong Time," by Ron Adner and Rahul Kapoor; "Managing Our Hub Economy," by Marco Iansiti and Karim R. Lakhani; "Why Some Platforms Thrive and Others Don't," by Feng Zhu and Marco Iansiti; "Spontaneous Deregulation," by Benjamin Edelman and Damien Geradin; "Alibaba and the Future of Business," by Ming Zeng; and "Fixing Discrimination in Online Marketplaces," by Ray Fisman and Michael Luca.

Beyond CRISPR-Cas9

 Expanding the possibilities of CRISPR genome editing with Cas14 and CasΦ

SpCas9 comes from a bacterium called Streptococcus pyogenes (hence “Sp”). S. pyogenes is a human pathogen. There is some evidence that using SpCas9 for genome editing in humans may lead to dangerous immune reactions (Ferdosi et al 2019) although other reports have questioned the importance of this finding.

In addition SpCas9 is quite large. It is 1368 amino acids (aa) long and can be difficult to fit into standard delivery vehicles (learn about CRISPR delivery here). Thus it can be hard to get SpCas9 into target cells and tissues.

Finally, SpCas9 requires the presence of a specific DNA sequence known as a “PAM” to target an adjacent sequence for genome editing. SpCas9’s PAM is 5’-NGG-3’. The need for this sequence restricts the number of sites SpCas9 can edit. This limits SpCas9’s usefulness.

Re-skilling physicians and health professionals

 Skills for the future health workforce: Preparing health professionals for people centred care

This is the focus of the OECD paper:

This paper discusses transversal (core) skills that are required by health professionals for a successful transition from fragmented and disease-centred care towards people-centred healthcare delivery systems. The discussion is motivated by the growing evidence of skills mismatch among health professionals. These transversal skills include interpersonal skills, such as person-centred communication, interprofessional teamwork, self-awareness and socio-cultural sensitivity, as well as analytical skills, such as adaptive problem solving to devise customised care for individual persons, system thinking, openness to continuous learning, and the ability to use digital technologies effectively

Sounds of interest. However, it forgets a key issue. Life sciences are changing and knowledge breaks barriers that gave birth to excessive specialization. Therefore, more issues to add in the next future.

Pequeño Hollywood, Tabernas, Almería, 1991 © Cristina García Rodero

The birth of third generation sequencing

 Opportunities and challenges in long-read sequencing data analysis

Long reads: their purpose and place

Long-read sequencing, or third-generation sequencing, offers a number of advantages over short-read sequencing. While short-read sequencers such as Illumina’s NovaSeq, HiSeq, NextSeq, and MiSeq instruments; BGI’sMGISEQand BGISEQmodels; or ThermoFisher’s Ion Torrent sequencers  produce reads of up to 600 bases, long-read sequencing technologies routinely generate reads in excess of 10 kb

 Long-read technologies are improving rapidly, and may become the mainstay of sequencing; however, the broader application of long-read technologies are currently limited by a lower throughput, higher error rate and higher cost per base relative to short read sequencing. Wider use of such technologies in the clinical context may rapidly improve our understanding of cancer, pathogen evolution, drug resistance and genetic diversity in complex regions of the genome that have important implications for clinical care. Parallel development of existing technology to allow high throughput PCR-free sequencing will be important in sequencing difficult regions of the genome.

At present, no single long-read technology has any clear advantage from a scientific point of view, and thus it seems likely that the future of long-read sequencing is more likely to be decided on commercial terms rather than scientific. Whichever technology captures the market, it is clear that as these technologies become more affordable they will continue to shine a light into previously intractable regions of the genome with ever larger sample sizes and longer read-lengths, allowing new discovery in these evolving fields.

Just looking at stock exchange you may confirm that the decision is being made in commercial terms. It seems that there is a role for a cost-effectiveness evaluation right now.

Robert Frank, València 1952

An opioid epidemic documentary and the worrying situation in France and Catalonia

 Mort amb recepta (catalan version)

Annual report on Drugs in Catalonia (p.152)

Oxicodone in Catalonia: from  879.775 DDD in 2014 to 1.003.355 in 2019, a 14% increase. Tramadol: from 11.790.547  DDD in 2014 to 17.038.936 in 2019, a 69% INCREASE in 5 YEARS (p.152) 

Daily Dose per Inhabitant (DDH)Tramadol: from 4,27 to  6,16 a 44,2% INCREASE in 5 YEARS

Documental

A worrying  french situation

The documentary: Etats-Unis, la mort sur ordonnance

Nan Goldin denounces: Who profits form the opioid crisis?

Clinical genomic sequencing review

 Availability and funding of clinical genomic sequencing globally

A useful review on the current situation:

Our case studies, based on published and unpublished literature as well as discussions with key experts in each country, are illustrative of three types of funding systems:

Publicly funded/national system: UK, which is one of a few countries with national, government-based funding for NGS (others include Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Australia).

Publicly funded/provincial system: Canada, for which public funding of tests is provided at the provincial level after approval based on meeting specific criteria.

Mixed private/public system: USA, which has variable private and public insurer coverage.

The 4 steps:

 

PS. Understanding Moderna's secret sauce

Bezonomics

 Invent and Wander: The Collected Writings of Jeff Bezos

We believe that a fundamental measure of our success will be the shareholder value we create over the long term. This value will be a direct result of our ability to extend and solidify our current market leadership position. The stronger our market leadership, the more powerful our economic model. Market leadership can translate directly to higher revenue, higher profitability, greater capital velocity, and correspondingly stronger returns on invested capital.

(1997, Shareholder letter) 

The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon

Citizens lobby

 LOBBYING FOR CHANGE . Find Your Voice to Create a Better Society

Great questions and answers, by Alberto Alemanno: 

How do we make government work for us? How can we save us from ourselves?

We face a dramatic gap between the problem-solving ability of our political system and our needs as a society. While this gap explains much of our social disengagement and disillusionment with traditional politics, it opens up a promising space for new, unconventional forms of active citizenship and civic engagement, as well as individual and collective empowerment.

This is the space we want and can occupy, as citizens. And it is set to grow as people abandon mainstream politics. That’s the space I want to you show you in the second part of this book.

Humanity and infectious disease

 The Plague Cycle. The Unending War Between Humanity and Infectious Disease

Take away conclusion:

In the Bible’s Book of Revelations, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are sent forth to “kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by wild beasts,” and carry off a quarter of the earth. The identities of the horsemen are a matter of some debate: the fevered poetry is hard to decipher. While the Fourth Horseman seems to be Death himself, the Third Horseman is universally recognized as famine, and the Second as war, argument rages over the identity of the First Horseman: some recent experts suggest he is pestilence, others argue that he is Jesus Christ or the embodiment of righteousness.

It’s ironic that pestilence occupies the disputed saddle, for while throughout most of history violence and famine were two of Death’s most useful tools, the only one of the three that has ever managed to carry off a quarter of the earth at one go is pestilence. Plague ended the age of antiquity and ushered in the Renaissance. Infection shaped the age of global empires, and its decline boosted the economy of the modern world. Neither violence nor famine can claim to be its equal.

The frequency of violence, pestilence, and famine combined is why the idea that a good life should be one free of tragedy was mocked as utopian until the Industrial Revolution. They are the tools that nature used to keep humans in Malthusian misery. And none—famine, violence, or pestilence—has nearly the grip on humanity that it had even fifty years ago. A huge part of that progress is due to the fight against infection, flattening the plague cycle, and their knock-on effects.

The extent of disease has always shaped economic and social relations. Pandemics from centuries ago still help determine wealth and poverty, democracy and autocracy to this day. But the last half century clearly demonstrates that not all trends are inexorable. We’ve seen a massive global improvement in the quality of life even in parts of the world that suffered the most from the arrows of the First Horseman through the last two thousand years. Malthusian fatalism had a declining empirical basis in the nineteenth century. Now it has no basis at all.

Pharma, Big Pharma (4)

 The Antidote. Inside the World of New Pharma

A review of 25 years of Vertex

Pharma, Big Pharma (3)

 The Billion-Dollar Molecule. The Quest for the Perfect Drug

On the business of science, and about the Vertex pharmaceutical firm and its IPO.

Key success factors of COVID-19 vaccine development

 How New Models Of Vaccine Development For COVID-19 Have Helped Address An Epic Public Health Crisis

 This acceleration has largely been fueled by an influx of resources—both financial and human—that is likewise record-setting. Significant levels of cooperation and innovation, which enable more-efficient use of those resources, have also played a key role.

There may be additional opportunities for innovation that deserve exploration. For example, master protocols, in which multiple vaccine or drug candidates are tested against a single control arm, could further accelerate clinical trials without compromising safety. Innovations to overcome potential delivery impediments, including supply chain challenges and insufficient numbers of health care workers in some regions, would also be welcome.

If widespread COVID-19 vaccination is realized in the coming months and years, the approach undertaken to arrive at that point will offer lessons for how to optimize the development and accessibility of vaccines against other pathogens, under both outbreak and non-outbreak scenarios. Our experiences with COVID-19 may also offer knowledge spillovers to other areas of medicine and public health.

More details in this Health Affairs issue. 

FT on Why the three biggest vaccine makers failed on Covid-19. GlaxoSmithKline, Merck and Sanofi are left playing catch-up to upstarts with new technology

 

Pharma, Big Pharma (2)

 Government, Big Pharma, and The People. A Century of Dis-Ease

A book to read, with this Table of Contents:

Dedication
Acknowledgements
Preface
Chapter One – Introductions
Health
Woman as a Biological and Social Entity
A Different Paradigm
Health Care and Rights
Drugs and Their Role in Society
Drug Policy
Big Pharma
Drug-Related Problems
The People
What’s Ahead
Conclusion
Chapter Two – The Four "P’s"
Introduction
Marketing as an Actualizing Process
The Marketing Mix/The Four "P’s"
Government and the Four "P’s"
Conclusion
Chapter Three – Investigators and Investigations
Introduction
The Hearings
The Grand Inquisitor
Gaylord Nelson – Son of Torquemada
The Fountain Hearings
Senator Kennedy Joins the Fray
Small Business Problems – Dingell
Drug Efficacy Problems – Fountain
Moss on Drug Abuse
Fountain Redux
Congressman Rogers on Transition
Senator Humphrey and the Literature
A Newcomer – Congressman Van Deerlin
Senator Fountain – "One More Time"
Senator Kennedy Returns
FDA Under the Microscope Again
Kennedy – Not Too Tranquil
Gore on Pharmaceutical R & D
Senator Fountain Again
Claude Pepper for the Old Folks
Zomax in the Spotlight
A Pryor Engatement
The Task Force on Prescription Drugs
Research Findings and Recommendations
Conclusion
Chapter Four – Legislators and Legislation
Introduction
Laws and Policy
Bills and Sponsors
The Process
Conclusion
Chapter Five – Regulators and Regulations
Introduction
The Food and Drug Administration
Other Regulators and Regulations
Federal Trade Commission
Federal Communications Commission
Drug Enforcement Administration
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Patents and Trademarks
State Regulations
Drug Names
Conclusion
Chapter Six – Non-Government Influence
Introduction
Self-Regulation
Third Parties – Managed Care Controls
Formularies and Prescription Limitations
Lawyers
Advocates and Adversaries
Mail Order Pharmacy
Pharmacy Benefit Managers and Outcomes Management
Conclusion
Chapter Seven – The People and Their Drugs
Introduction
The People as Patients
Health Belief Model
Case – Health Belief Model
Attitudes and Evaluation of Drugs
The Sickness Career
The Sick Role
The Sick Role in Acute and Chronic Illness
Compliance with Medication Regimens
Other Influences on Medication Use
What to Do
Death or Maybe Not
Conclusion
Chapter Eight – Response of Big Pharma
Introduction
Response to Government
Big Pharma Speaks
Response of Big Pharma to the People
Some Ideas for Big Pharma
PMA Monographs
Statesmanship
Conclusion
Chapter Nine – Little Pharma and Friends
Introduction
Generic Pharma – Not So Little
Big Bio
What is Special about Specialty Drugs?
Little Boutiques
Back to the Future – Compounding Pharmacists
Friends
Conclusion
Chapter Ten – Greedy Big Pharma
Introduction
Two Parts of Greedy
AARP and Greedy Big Pharma
Congress and Greedy Big Pharma
Risk vs. Reward
Greedy Big Tech
Conclusion
Chapter Eleven – Whence the Drugs?
Introduction
Origins of Drugs
Drug Product Development
Marketing in the Last Century
Invention, Discovery, Development
Curiosities and Surprises
Recommended Reading
Conclusion
Chapter Twelve – Drugs of the Future
Introduction
But Seriously
Drugs in an Aging Society
Future Drugs for the Aged
Lifestyle Drugs
Conclusion
Chapter Thirteen – The Non-Prescription Products Market-Dr. W. Steven Pray
Introduction
Patent Medicines
Laws That Regulated Non-Prescription Products
FDA’s Review of O-T-C Products
The Prescription to O-T-C Switch
A Third Class of Drugs
Quackery – Lacking Proof of Efficacy
Quackery – New Names Confer False Respectability
Conclusion
Chapter Fourteen – Issues and Studies in Pharmacoeconomics
Introduction
The Emergence of Pharmacoeconomic Research
The Cost of Illness
Quality of Life Assessment
The Economics of Non-Compliance
Economic Epidemiology
Conclusion
Chapter Fifteen – On Drug Prices – Dr. E. M. "Mick" Kolassa
Pricing: The Forgotten "P"
The Growing Importance of Pharmaceutical Prices
Prices, Politics and Problems
Pricing Terminology
What is a Pharmaceutical Price?
Price Decision Making
The Value of Pharmaceuticals
The Future of Pharmaceutical Pricing
Chapter Sixteen – Summary, Ruminations and Apologia
Introduction
Ruminations
Trends
What If’s
Apologia

Pharma, Big Pharma

 White Market Drugs. BIG PHARMA AND THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF ADDICTION IN AMERICA

A book to understand the contribution to addiction over a century.

By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.

This is the outline:

Introduction
The First Crisis
1 Drug wars and white markets
2 “Legitimate addicts” in the first drug war
3 Preventing blockbuster opioids
The Second Crisis
4 Opioids out, barbiturates in
5 A new crisis and a new response
6 White markets, under control
The Third Crisis
7 White market apocalypse
Conclusion: Learning from the past
Appendix: White market sales and overdose rates, 1870–2015